[R-G] The CIA's Successors And Collaborators: US: overt and covert destabilisatio
Anthony Fenton
fentona at shaw.ca
Fri Aug 10 10:04:39 MDT 2007
The CIA's Successors And Collaborators
US: overt and covert destabilisation
by Hernando Calvo Ospina
August 10, 2007
Le Monde diplomatique
http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=72&ItemID=13497
When a scandal in the 1980s revealed the CIA's 35 years of
international manipulations, President Ronald Reagan established the
National Endowment for Democracy as a more discreet and less
controversial instrument. It had the same purpose - to destabilise
unfriendly governments by funding the opposition.
The National Endowment for Democracy (NED) was created in 1983,
ostensibly as a non-profit-making organisation to promote human
rights and democracy. In 1991 its first president, the historian
Allen Weinstein, confessed to The Washington Post: "A lot of what we
do today was done covertly 25 years ago by the CIA" (1).
Long before the NED was created, the same newspaper had revealed in
1967 how the CIA funded foreign trade unions, cultural organisations,
media, and prominent intellectuals. As Philip Agee, a former
operative with the Company told me in an interview in 2005: "The CIA
used known American foundations, as well as other custom-made
entities that existed only on paper."
Under pressure, President Lyndon Johnson ordered an investigation,
although he was aware that the CIA had been mandated to carry out
such activities since its creation in 1947. Agee said: "In the
aftermath of World War II, faced with threats to our democratic
allies and without any mechanism to channel political assistance, US
policy makers resorted to covert means, secretly sending advisers,
equipment and funds to support newspapers and parties under siege in
Europe" (2). They had to counter the Soviet Union's ideological
influence at the start of the cold war.
The funded organisations sometimes managed to weaken and even
eliminate opposition to friendly governments, while creating a
climate favourable to US interests. There were coups, such as the one
in Brazil in 1964 that overthrew President João Goulart. The coup
against Chilean president Salvador Allende in 1973 showed that the US
government had not abandoned such methods. Agee claimed: "To prepare
the ground for the military, we funded and channelled the forces of
leading organisations in civil society and the media. It was an
improved version of the coup in Brazil."
The battle of ideas
In 1975 the CIA was investigated by the Senate, particularly its
involvement in plots against political leaders throughout the world,
including Patrice Lumumba, Allende and Fidel Castro. The success of
revolutionary movements in Africa and Latin America forced the US to
recognise that although the strategy of infiltrating social
organisations remained crucial, the tactics were counter-productive.
So, "to wage the battle of ideas, the Johnson administration
recommended the establishment of a public-private mechanism to fund
overseas activities openly" (3).
The American Political Foundation (APF), established in 1979, was a
coalition of the Democratic and Republican parties, union leaders and
employers, conservative academics and institutions relating to
foreign policy. It was based on a model developed in West Germany,
where the four major political parties had set up government-funded
foundations as a response to the cold war. The most important of
these was the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, linked to the Christian
Democratic Union (4).
In January 1983 President Ronald Reagan signed the secret directive
NSDD-77 (5), the result of what he described in a speech to the
British parliament as a process designed "to foster the
infrastructure of democracy" and "to determine how the United States
can best contribute... to the global campaign for democracy" (6). The
directive called for "close collaboration with foreign policy efforts
- diplomatic, economic, military - as well as a close relationship
with sectors of the American society - labour, business,
universities, philanthropy, political parties, press."
Reagan kept quiet about the directive when he presented an APF
proposal, the Democracy Programme, to Congress. An act of 23 November
1983 ratified the creation of the NED. At a ceremony at the White
House in December he announced: "This programme will not be hidden in
shadows. It'll stand proudly in the spotlight. And, of course, it
will be consistent with our own national interests" (7).
Anti-Sandinista dollars
The NED consisted of four core organisations responsible for its
management. One already existed: the Free Trade Union Institute was a
branch of the AFL-CIO trade union federation and was later
incorporated into the American Centre for International Labour
Solidarity. The others were the Centre for International Private
Enterprise, an affiliate of the US Chamber of Commerce; the National
Republican Institute for International Affairs; and the National
Democratic Institute for International Affairs.
Although legally an NGO, the NED was funded from the State Department
budget, subject to congressional approval. As well as allowing the
government to disclaim any formal responsibility, this offered a
further strategic advantage. As former State Department official
William Blum said: "Notice the non-governmental - this helps to
maintain a certain credibility abroad that an official US government
agency might not have."
In October 1986 the Reagan administration was shaken by the
revelation that it had illegally funded the insurgency against the
Sandinista government in Nicaragua, using money from cocaine
trafficking. By coincidence, the operation, coordinated by Colonel
Oliver North and authorised by the National Security Council (NSC),
was called the Democracy Programme. The NED played a key role. But
the investigation was more interested in the funding of the
Nicaraguan counter-revolutionaries, the Contras, than in the
involvement of this "NGO", although the NED was supervised from its
creation until 1987 by Walter Raymond, a senior CIA officer and a
member of the NSC's intelligence directorate.
The Cuban American National Foundation (CANF) was an extremist anti-
Castro organisation set up by the NSC at the same time as the NED.
The foundation's president, Jorge Mas Canosa, said: "The NED
inherited Ronald Reagan's Democracy Programme and provided funding to
many Latin-American groups, including the CANF." Convinced that the
road to Cuban freedom lay through Nicaragua, the CANF committed
itself to the anti-Sandinista struggle. Mas Canosa said: "This
collaboration began when Theodore Shackley, the CIA's former deputy
director of operations and head of its covert operations section,
asked members of the foundation to support Central American policy."
In 1987, during the Contra scandal, the NED funded a front of anti-
Sandinista organisations, including the permanent human rights
commission of Nicaragua. This support helped Violeta Chamorro,
Washington's preferred candidate and the owner of the "independent"
newspaper La Prensa, to win the presidency in 1990.
A non-governmental crusade
The NED's talent for channelling money, establishing NGOs, electoral
manipulation and media brainwashing owed much to the long experience
of the CIA, the State Department's foreign aid agency USAID, and
members of the conservative elite associated with US foreign policy
(including John Negroponte, Jeane Kirkpatrick and Francis Fukuyama).
Terrorism apart, the Reagan administration used the same methods in
eastern Europe, where it conducted "a non-governmental crusade for
human rights and democracy which avoided accusations of imperialism
by presenting itself as a direct response to the needs of dissidents
and reformers worldwide" (8). Here the gap between rulers and ruled
made it easier for the NED and its network of organisations to use
money and advertising to manufacture thousands of supposed
dissidents. After regime change, most of these individuals and the
groups to which they had belonged evaporated.
One of the most historic victories was in Poland. As early as 1984
the NED was distributing direct aid to set up trade unions,
newspapers and human rights groups, all "independent". For the 1989
parliamentary elections, the NED handed $2.5m to the Solidarity
movement, whose leader Lech Walesa, a powerful ally of the US, was
elected president in 1990.
The collapse of the Soviet Union was a prelude to the NED's global
expansion. It mobilised its money and expertise to intervene in the
social, economic and political affairs of 90 countries in Africa,
Latin America, Asia and eastern Europe. As Gerald Sussman pointed
out, "electoral interventions are critically important to US global
policy objectives". "Democracy building" by the NED and other US
organisations has been refined: "Compared to the surreptitious and
nakedly aggressive manner in which the CIA typically carried out its
destabilising forays from the late 1940s through to the mid-1970s,
current forms of electoral manipulation are conducted largely as
spectacles of spin and moral drama" (9).
During the 1990 elections in Haiti, the NED invested $36m in the
candidacy of Marc Bazin, a former World Bank official. Despite this,
Jean-Bertrand Aristide was elected, only to be overthrown in 1991
after a media campaign funded by the NED and USAID.
In its first 10 years, the NED distributed $200m among 1,500 projects
to support friends of the US (10). Since 1988 it has taken a
significant interest in Venezuela. Philip Agee said: "There was a
quiet operation against the Bolivarian revolution. It began under
President Clinton and intensified under George Bush Jr. It's like the
campaign against the Sandinistas, but so far without the terrorism or
the economic embargo: promote democracy, keep an eye on elections and
support public life." The US lawyer Eva Golinger discovered from
official documents that between 2001 and 2006 the NED and USAID gave
more than $20m to Venezuelan opposition groups and private media
(11). On 25 April 2002 The New York Times revealed that Congress had
ordered a quadrupling of the NED budget for Venezuela just a few
months before the failed coup against President Hugo Chávez.
The campaign against Cuba
But the NED's most consistent campaign has been against the
government of Cuba, where it is believed to have invested some $20m
over 20 years in an attempt to promote a "democratic transition";
$65m more has been contributed by USAID since 1996. Despite continued
insistence upon the supreme necessity of democratic elections,
official documents clearly specify that those elected must be to US
governmental liking. Almost all the funds are in the hands of
organisations based in the US and Europe. The governments of Poland,
Romania and the Czech Republic receive a significant proportion of it
in return for leading international pressure on Cuba. According to
Laura Wides-Munoz (Associated Press, 29 December 2006), the NED paid
them $2.4m in 2005.
Washington's idea of democracy is elections and business walking hand
in hand. In his January 2004 State of the Union address, President
Bush announced that he would be asking Congress "to double the budget
of the National Endowment for Democracy, and to focus its new work on
the development of free elections, and free markets, free press, and
free labour unions in the Middle East"; ideological work would
accompany military action. Hitherto the NED's involvement in the
region had been minimal. It moved into Afghanistan in 2003. According
to its website, it decided "to establish and strengthen business
associations inside Afghanistan to ensure a more sustained and
diversified effort to build democracy and market economy". It funded
emerging NGOs.
NGOs in occupied Iraq were funded with similar objectives,
particularly in the north. Local organisations were supported by -
and quickly became dependent upon - the NED. Under the banner of the
struggle for democracy, they worked for a system whose interests
seldom coincided with those of local people.
Uniquely for an NGO, the NED's president must appear before the US
Senate Foreign Relations Committee every year to account for its
activities. In June 2006 Carl Gershman (president of the NED since
April 1984) made an emergency appeal for more funds to support
democracy. He claimed that NGOs in Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan,
Venezuela and Egypt needed more to confront "semi-authoritarian"
governments. He later made an identical speech to the European
parliament during the conference, "Democracy Promotion: the European
Way".
According to William Blum, the NED's basic philosophy is that
societies "are best served under a system of free enterprise, class
cooperation... [and] minimal government intervention in the economy.
A free-market economy is equated with democracy, reform and growth,
and the merits of foreign investment are emphasised. NED's reports
carry on endlessly about democracy, but at best it's a modest measure
of mechanical political democracy they have in mind, not economic
democracy; nothing that aims to threaten the powers that be."
A weapon of global war
Addressing the UN General Assembly in September 1989, President
George Bush Sr asserted that the challenge facing the world of
freedom was to consolidate the foundations of freedom. In 1988, the
Canadian parliament, encouraged by the US, had set up an NED clone,
Rights and Democracy. In 1992 the British parliament established the
Westminster Foundation for Democracy. Sweden followed with the
Swedish International Liberal Centre, the Netherlands with the Alfred
Mozer Foundation, and France with the Robert Schuman Foundation and
the Jean Jaurès Foundation (linked to the Socialist Party).
As its network spread, the NED set up the Democracy Projects Database
to coordinate 6,000 projects worldwide. It also created the Network
of Democracy Research Institutes to bring together "independent
institutions, university-based study centres, and research programs
affiliated with political parties, labour unions, and democracy and
human rights movements to facilitate contacts among democracy
scholars and activists" (12). The NED hosts the Centre for
International Media Assistance, which "brings together a broad range
of media experts with the objective of strengthening support of free
and independent media throughout the world" (13).
On the State Department's official website, Carl Gershman declared
that all these foundations, people and organisations were
contributing to "building a worldwide movement for democracy", a
network of networks with the NED at its centre. Other foundations
fell into step: the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Germany; the Olof
Palme International Centre in Sweden; the Renner Institute in
Austria; and the Pablo Iglesias Foundation, linked to the Spanish
Socialist Workers' Party.
In 1996, to justify increasing the NED's budget, an enlightening
report was submitted to Congress: "The US cannot afford to discard
such an effective instrument of foreign policy at a time when
American interests and values are under sustained ideological attack
from a wide variety of anti-democratic forces around the world...
[They] remain threatened by deeply entrenched communist regimes, neo-
communists, aggressive dictatorships, radical nationalists, and
Islamic fundamentalists. Given this reality, the US cannot afford to
surrender the ideological battlefield to these enemies of a free and
open society." (14). Three years later, Benjamin Gilman, the
president of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, took the same line.
As Blum put it: "What was done was to shift many of the awful things
[done by the CIA] to a new organisation, with a nice sounding name.
The creation of the NED was a masterpiece. Of politics, of public
relations, and of cynicism."
________________________________________________________
Hernando Calvo Ospina is a journalist and the author of Bacardi: the
Hidden War (Pluto Press, London, 2002)
(1) The Washington Post, 22 September 1991.
(2) www.ned.org/about/nedhistory.html. On the CIA's use of
intellectuals see Frances Stonor Saunders, Who Paid the Piper? The
CIA and the Cultural Cold War (Granta Books, London, 2000).
(3) www.ned.org/about/nedhistory.html
(4) The others were the Friedrich Ebert Foundation (Social Democratic
Party), the Hanns Seidel Foundation (Christian Social Union) and the
Friedrich Naumann Foundation (Free Democratic Party).
(5) http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd...
(6) www.ned.org/about/reagan-060882.html
(7) www.ned.org/about/reagan-121683.html
(8) Nicolas Guilhot,"Le National Endowment for Democracy", Actes de
la recherche en sciences sociales, 139, Paris, September 2001.
(9) Gerald Sussman,"The Myths of`Democracy Assistance': US Political
Intervention in Post-Soviet Eastern Europe", Monthly Review, vol 58,
no 7, New York, December 2006.
(10) Guilhot, op cit.
(11) Eva Golinger, The Chávez Code: Cracking US Intervention in
Venezuela (Pluto Press, London, 2006).
(12) www.wmd.org/ndri/ndri.html
(13) www.ned.org/about/cima.html
(14) James A Phillips and Kim R Holmes, "The National Endowment in
Democracy: A Prudent Investment in the Future", The Heritage
Foundation, Executive memorandum 461, Washington DC, 13 September 1996.
Translated by Donald Hounam
More information about the Rad-Green
mailing list